Annada Ekadasi, also known as Aja Ekadasi, is a significant Hindu fasting day dedicated to Lord Vishnu. It occurs during the waning phase of the moon in the Hindu month of Bhadrapada (August-September). This day holds great spiritual significance and is believed to grant liberation from sins, fulfillment of desires, and the blessings of prosperity and well-being.
Significance:
Spiritual Cleansing and Merit: Fasting on Annada Ekadasi is believed to cleanse one’s sins and bring spiritual merit. Devotees observe the fast with the belief that it purifies the mind and body, helping to enhance devotion towards Lord Vishnu.
Connection to Lord Vishnu: Annada Ekadasi is a day to honor and worship Lord Vishnu. It is believed that sincere observance of this fast pleases Lord Vishnu, who grants the devotee’s wishes and blesses them with a prosperous life and spiritual upliftment.
Charity and Helping the Needy: The name “Annada” implies “giver of food,” emphasizing the importance of feeding the hungry and helping those in need on this day. Acts of charity are highly encouraged, as they are believed to multiply the spiritual benefits of fasting.
Legends Surrounding Annada Ekadasi:
One of the prominent legends associated with Annada Ekadasi involves the story of King Harishchandra, a righteous and truthful king who lost his kingdom, family, and wealth due to a series of misfortunes. According to the legend:
The Story of King Harishchandra: King Harishchandra was once the ruler of Ayodhya, renowned for his unwavering commitment to truth and righteousness. Due to a curse and the tests posed by Sage Vishwamitra, he lost everything and was reduced to working as a crematorium caretaker, separated from his family and enduring immense suffering.
Divine Guidance: After years of hardship, a sage advised Harishchandra to observe the fast of Annada Ekadasi. Following the sage’s advice, Harishchandra observed the fast with complete devotion to Lord Vishnu.
Miraculous Transformation: Pleased with his devotion, Lord Vishnu appeared before Harishchandra, restored his lost kingdom, and reunited him with his family. He was also blessed with the return of his deceased son. This legend underscores the power of Annada Ekadasi in granting divine grace, forgiveness, and the restoration of one’s fortunes.
Rituals:
Fasting: Devotees fast from sunrise to the next morning, abstaining from grains, beans, and certain other foods. Some observe a strict waterless fast, while others may consume fruits and milk.
Worship and Prayers: Devotees perform puja (worship) of Lord Vishnu with flowers, incense, and offerings, and chant Vishnu-related mantras or recite the Vishnu Sahasranama (a list of a thousand names of Lord Vishnu).
Charity: Acts of charity, such as feeding the poor or donating to temples, are considered highly meritorious on this day.
Annada Ekadasi is a day of deep spiritual significance, reminding devotees of the virtues of truth, devotion, and the transformative power of divine grace through steadfast faith and adherence to dharma (righteousness).
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Krishna’s birthday, celebrated as Janmashtami, holds deep spiritual significance, and the moon plays a symbolic role in this context.
Astrological Significance:
Krishna was born on the eighth day (Ashtami) of the Krishna Paksha (the dark fortnight of the moon) in the month of Bhadrapada (August-September) according to the Hindu calendar. This phase is when the moon is waning, symbolizing the removal of darkness and the coming of light.
Symbolism:
The moon, especially during Janmashtami, is often associated with calmness and serenity, reflecting the tranquil nature of Krishna. His birth during the dark phase of the moon represents the divine light that Krishna brings to the world, dispelling ignorance and darkness.
Cultural Beliefs:
The moon is also linked to Lord Krishna in various legends. For instance, one story tells how Krishna swallowed the Syamantaka jewel, associated with the moon god, which then caused a lunar eclipse. This story symbolizes the overcoming of material desires and the divine play of Krishna.
Thus, the moon on Krishna’s birthday is a reminder of the divine light and joy Krishna brought into the world, guiding souls away from darkness and towards spiritual enlightenment.
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The historicity of the legends related to the son of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, known commonly as Caesarion or Ptolemy XV Caesar, has been debated for centuries. Legends from various sources, from as early as the first century BC, claim that Caesarion fled to India or Ethiopia to escape the fate of his mother and other family members. However, there is little to no evidence to back up such claims and the true fate of Caesarion remains an enigma. Let’s discuss the likelihood of this legend’s historicity, with a focus on the mysterious region of Ethiopia which has frequently been mentioned as a possible candidate for Caesarion’s resting place.
Bust of Caesarion
When Julius Caesar was assassinated in 44 BC, the empire fell into chaos and the heirs of Caesar found themselves in danger from those hoping to seize power. Caesar’s last will, appointed Cleopatra’s son Caesarion as his heir and joint ruler with Octavian and Mark Antony, further complicated the situation between the ambitions of Rome’s three key players. Consequently, when Octavian defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in the battle of Actium in 31 BC, the young Caesarion found himself in jeopardy.
The ancient accounts vary on what happened to the young Ptolemy X Caesarion. The earliest reference of his whereabouts appears in a book written by a popular historian of the early Christian church, Theophilus, who claims that Caesarion was able to escape to Ethiopia after the battle of Actium. But other writers, such as Philo of Alexandria and Plutarch, offer an alternative view: that Cleopatra and Caesarion were both found hiding in a tomb but were both later beheaded. This account would seem to indicate that one of the most famous sons of Caesar and Cleopatra had in fact perished during the civil war in Rome.
Reliefs of Cleopatra and Caesarion at the Temple of Dendera
Nevertheless, some believe that the legend of Caesarion’s escape to Ethiopia or India was an embellishment of the truth, added for dramatic effect to these ancient accounts. But there were also those who believed it to be possible, if not even likely. Plutarch wrote that Caesarion endured “many dangers from his enemies,” and that he was “felled to the ground,” while he was “on the threshold of India, on the border of Ethiopia.” This detail would have been impossible to have included had it not been based upon true events.
Queen Cleopatra
Furthermore, some scholars have argued that certain coins found in both India and Ethiopia have provided evidence that Caesarion had indeed escaped his fate and relocated to one of these countries. In addition, Queen Kushite Taharqa claimed descent from Caesarion, giving credence to the claim that he had in fact reached Ethiopia. And in India, the practice of honoring a Ptolemy, assumed to be a descendant of Caesarion, has been passed on throughout the generations, lending weight to the claim of Ceasarion’s existence in India as well.
In conclusion, the theory that Cesarean, son of Cleopatra and Julius Caesar, escaped to either Ethiopia or India appears to be supported by many ancient sources, as well as by the evidence of coins and ongoing practices in India and Ethiopia that suggest his existence. However, the truth may never be known with absolute certainty, as the historicity of the legend of Caesarion’s escape is a matter of much debate.
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The Bhakti movement and Sufi Islam are two religious movements that have a strong presence in India and the wider Indian subcontinent. The Bhakti movement is an intensely devotional form of Hinduism that originated in South India and eventually spread across the Indian subcontinent, while Sufi Islam is an Islamic mysticism that originated in the Middle East and was spread to the Indian subcontinent by Sufi teachers. The two movements share many similarities, most notably their emphasis on love, devotion, and spiritual growth, but how the Bhakti movement has influenced the Sufi movement in India is not as well understood. Let us explore the influence of the Bhakti movement on the Sufi Islam of India and its implications for the religious life of India today.
Background of the Bhakti and Sufi Movements
The Bhakti movement originated in South India during the 7th century CE, and it quickly spread to other parts of India. The movement was a strong expression of Hinduism, but it was distinct from the more orthodox forms of Hinduism, such as Vedanta and Yoga. The Bhaktis focused on the personal relationship between the devotee and God, believing that the only way to find salvation was through unconditional love and devotion. The Bhakti movement had a profoundly spiritual and devotional character that appealed to many Hindus across India.
The Sufi movement is an Islamic mysticism that originated in the Middle East and eventually spread to the Indian subcontinent. Like the Bhakti movement, the Sufi movement focused on a personal relationship with God, believing that the only way to reach divine union was through love, devotion and submission to the will of God. Sufi teachers traveled to India during the medieval period, and their teachings quickly spread to the various Islamic communities of the subcontinent.
The Influence of the Bhakti Movement on Sufi Islam
The Bhakti movement had a profound influence on the development of Sufi Islam in India. Bhakti teachings, specifically those of the great South Indian Bhakti saints, Kabir and Guru Nanak, were deeply influential in shaping the structure and direction of Indian Sufi Islam. The Bhakti saints argued that the only way to salvation was through love, devotion and spiritual growth, and this idea was picked up by the early Sufi teachers who were inspired by their teachings.
The mingling of Bhakti and Sufi beliefs is also seen in the Hindu-Muslim syncretic traditions of Sufi Islamic traditions in India. The idea of a single, unified God, often referred to as “Ishwarkrishna” or “Ishwar-Allah”, was adopted by many Sufis. This emerged from their experience of interfaith dialogue and their appreciation for the spiritual aspects of Hinduism. This unity of God would have been unthinkable without the influence of Bhakti teachings and the experience of interfaith dialogue.
The Bhakti movement has had a profound influence on the development of Sufi Islam in India. The shared emphasis on love, devotion and spiritual growth, and the syncretic blending of Hindu and Muslim beliefs, have had a lasting impact on the religious life of India and its people. The influence of the Bhakti movement on Sufi Islam has resulted in a more inclusive, tolerant and open-minded religious culture that continues to thrive and develop in India today.
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In his book The Sufis, Idries Shah provides a detailed account of the life and teachings of one of the most important figures of Sufism, Muhyi al-Din Ibn Arabi (1165-1240). Ibn Arabi was a prominent scholar, mystic, and poet whose writings contributed greatly to the development of Sufism and Islamic theology. Although his life and teachings were controversial in his lifetime, Ibn Arabi is considered an important figure in Islamic spirituality, and is known for his influential teachings on the concept of God’s unity and his emphasis on spiritual experience over intellectual knowledge. We will provide an overview of Ibn Arabi’s life and teachings, with a focus on the chapter in Shah’s book The Sufis about Ibn Arabi.
Biography
Ibn Arabi was born in Murcia, Spain, in 1165. His father was a lawyer from Seville, and his mother was from an important Andalusian noble family. Arabi was educated at the famous Al-Azhar Mosque in Cairo, Egypt, where he studied Islamic theology, philosophy, and Sufism. He was also influenced by the teachings of al-Ghazali, an influential medieval thinker and Sufi scholar whose works would later become one of the major sources of Ibn Arabi’s teachings.
At an early stage, Ibn Arabi developed a passionate interest in spirituality and mysticism, and began to develop his own powerful teachings. Eventually, he settled in Damascus and began to teach, travel, and write extensively. His writings spanned many topics, but focused primarily on his theories of unity, love, and integration. He wrote about the divine unity and the essential oneness of all creation, and about the need for a strong connection between the individual and the divine in order to find inner harmony and peace.
Ibn Arabi’s Teachings
Ibn Arabi’s most important contribution to Sufi teachings was his concept of unity in God, or wahdat al-wujud. He preached that since God is one, all of creation is essentially one with Him, and all beings share in His oneness. He believed that humans could experience the fullness of God’s unity through a direct experience of the divine within, and that this experience was a necessary prerequisite for spiritual development. He also believed that the self can only be fully realized when it is connected to the divine, and that this connection is achieved through the practice of dhikr, or remembrance of God.
In his writings, Ibn Arabi also sought to bridge the gap between philosophy and mystical experience, and to emphasize the importance of both forms of knowledge. He argued that true understanding of the divine cannot be achieved through theoretical knowledge alone, but must also rely on subjective experience and direct contemplation of the divine. He believed that the true nature of reality could only be experienced through the direct experience of unity with the divine.
Ibn Arabi was one of the most important figures in Islamic spirituality. His writings explored the concept of God’s unity and emphasized the need for a strong connection between the individual and divine in order to find inner harmony and peace. His life and teachings provide a powerful example of the importance of spiritual experience in developing a deeper understanding of God and of the world.
The Neo-Platonic influences on Ibn Arabi
Throughout history, the Muslim philosopher Ibn Arabi has been revered for his insistence on universal spirituality, his ability to synthesize different metaphysical traditions, and his expansive view of the world. Ibn Arabi’s writings have been critical to the formation of Sufism and his works continue to be cited and debated in Islamic scholarship. While established as an important figure in classical Islamic theology, Ibn Arabi’s teachings were heavily influenced by Neo-Platonic concepts. We will survey some of the key Neo-Platonic ideas that imbued Ibn Arabi’s writings and discuss the ways in which these ideas were expressed and extended in the philosopher’s work.
The term “Neo-Platonism” first appears in the writings of 15th century German scholar Johannes Reuchlin, who used it to describe the renaissance of Platonism that was taking place in the Islamic world in the 13th century. This period saw a revival of Platonic thought in the Islamic world that was heavily influenced by Neopythagorean speculation on the nature of the heavens, the divine, and the soul. Neo-Platonism influenced a great many Muslim philosophers, including Ibn Arabi.
Ibn Arabi’s writings are immersed in Neo-Platonism, from his One Thousand and One Treatises of Philosophy, to his major work, the Meccan Revelations. In the One Thousand and One Treatises, for instance, Ibn Arabi argues that the Neo-Platonic concept of the “Unity of Being” – the belief that all existence is effectively a single, unified entity – is key to understanding the nature of the spiritual path. In this regard, he goes beyond Neo-Platonic thought and strengthens its core concepts, such as God’s essential unity and the living, personal nature of Being. Similarly, in the Meccan Revelations, Ibn Arabi affirms the Neopythagorean belief in the unity of souls, but argues that a plurality of individual souls is the product of a complex and subtle mystical process.
Ibn Arabi was also influenced by the Neo-Platonic idea of the demiurge, or mediator between the material and the spiritual. For example, Ibn Arabi believed that humanity could become active participants in the cosmic process of self-realization, and argued that the spiritual “guide” was essential to this path. In this way, he was able to incorporate Neo-Platonic ideas of divine mediation into his own spiritual philosophy.
Finally, Ibn Arabi took Neo-Platonism beyond mere philosophical speculation and incorporated its concepts into Islamic theology. He argued that the Islamic tradition contains the truth of both Platonic and Neo-Platonic concepts, and sought to demonstrate how these truths manifest within Islamic theology. In this way, he was able to bridge the gap between these two philosophical traditions, as well as to establish an integrated worldview based on both.
Ibn Arabi’s writings are deeply influenced by Neo-Platonic concepts. Through his works, he was able to synthesize Neo-Platonism with the Islamic tradition and create an expansive vision of the universe that was rooted in the principle of the Unity of Being. While the Neo-Platonic ideas expounded by Ibn Arabi were complex, they ultimately helped to express the essence of his spiritual philosophy.
The Islamic mystic, Muhyddin Ibn Arabi, was a hugely influential thinker and writer who attempted to bridge the spiritual chasm between East and West. Borrowing ideas from both Hinduism and Islam, he created an innovative and controversial synthesis of the two traditions. One of the most influential of these ideas he inherited from Hinduism was the concept of Bhakti (devotional love). Let’s explore how this concept impacted Ibn Arabi’s thought and how it continued to influence Sufi traditions up to the present day.
What is Bhakti?
Bhakti is a Hindu term that refers to a devotional practice of love and sacrifice for a divine entity. It is closely related to the concept of puja, a ritualistic practice of worship intended to evoke a spiritual connection between an individual and the Divine. Bhakti can also be seen as a way of attaining spiritual liberation through the selfless act of devotion. The Bhakti movement itself was a product of the 11th century in which the idea of loving god spread across India, influencing literature and popular culture.
Ibn Arabi’s Influences
Ibn Arabi was deeply influenced by the Bhakti tradition. He saw it as a way to reconcile his Islamic faith with the spiritual practices he inherited from Hindu tradition. His writing was full of references to Bhakti, most notably in his ‘Futuhat al-makkiyya’ (Meccan Openings). Here, Ibn Arabi writes about love as being ‘the greatest of worships’, a sentiment deeply rooted in the Bhakti tradition. Ibn Arabi’s ideas on divine love, proximity and transcendence were largely shaped by his understanding of Bhakti.
Bhakti’s Influence on Sufism
Ibn Arabi’s understanding of Bhakti had a profound influence on the development of Sufism. During the 13th century, Sufi communities began to adopt Bhakti ideas of love and devotion from Ibn Arabi. This was reflected in popular Sufi interpretation of the Quran, which focused heavily on the theme of one’s relationship with god. This idea of a close relationship with the Divine was further developed by later Sufi thinkers such as Rumi and Shabistari.
Conclusion
This search has explored the influence of Hindu Bhakti on the mystic philosopher Muhyddin Ibn Arabi’s thought and how this has carried forward to shape the traditions of Sufism up to the present day. Ibn Arabi’s incorporation of Bhakti ideas into his philosophy provided a bridge between the two distinct traditions of Hinduism and Islam, helping to unite the spiritual practices of both. His understanding of the importance of love, proximity and transcendence inspired later Sufi thinkers and continues to shape Islam today.
Here’s some quotes by Ibn Arabi :
1. “We must accept the presence of God in everyone.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
2. “God created Adam out of Love, not out of need.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
3. “If you do not know your essence, then you do not know your Lord.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
4. “If you love truth, be a lover; and if you love Wisdom, be a seeker.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
5. “The God you do not know is preferable to you than the god you believe in comfortingly.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
6. “Whoever comes to know himself, knows his Lord.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
7. “He who knows himself, knows his Lord.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
8. “The entire universe is a divine Face; every thing in it is a sign.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
9. “He who has knowledge of himself knows all things.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
10. “Prayer is the most precious pearl of wisdom, and silence is its true form.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
11. “The worship of one God brings with it a knowledge of all created beings.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
12. “Rejoice in the knowledge of your own Self.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
13. “The more we discover within ourselves, the more we discover God.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
14. “In truth, God inspires in you the knowledge and wisdom that He has for you.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
15. “God’s mercy is so great that it forgives you not for a single moment, but for eternity.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
16. “The source of spirituality is the heart of man, not a book or a teacher.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
17. “Do not seek to understand in order to believe, but believe in order to understand.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
18. “No one knows the secrets of God’s relationship with man except God himself.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
19. “Love is the cause of existence and its end.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
20. “The human being is my witness that I am God and that God is me.” ― Ibn ‘Arabi
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~Sakshi Zion
Life Coach, Entrepreneur, Social Media Expert, Musician, Yoga Teacher, World Traveler
